Scope of CVC Knit Fabric Dyeing without Pretreatment

Last Updated on 18/12/2020

Scope of CVC Knit Fabric Dyeing without Pretreatment

Authors: Arifur Rahman Raju, Md. Minhazul Islam
Md. Shahin Khandakar Nayem, Md. Aowsaf Islam
Mesbah Uddin Ahmed, Md. Nazmul Islam
Md. Shahidul Karim, Md. Azhar Uddin
Sudipta Bhattacharjee, Md. Mazidul Haque Ridoy
Md. Mahfuzul Haque Refat, Md. Rezaul Karim
B.Sc. in Textile Engineering
Textile Engineering College, Noakhali, Bangladesh
Email: shuvotex1@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT
Nowadays CVC knit fabric is dyed with pretreatment. As a result huge amount of chemicals, water, time, money etc are required. But if it is done without pretreatment, the result could have been better and the cost will be minimized. By comparing pretreated and without pretreated fabric, the color fastness properties are same. But the strength, KS value is comparatively higher than the pretreated fabric. On the other hand without pretreated fabric can save chemicals, time, water, money etc. So considering these results it can be introduced in garments or textile industries as a new era of less pollution dyeing system will be opened obviously.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns and fabrics. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. Dyes are obtained from flowers, nuts, barriers and other forms of vegetables and plants as well as from animal and mineral sources. These are known as natural dyes. The other class of dye is known as synthetic dyes. These are based on a particular type of chemical compositions. Some of these dyes are –Acid dyes, Basic dyes, sulphur dyes, Vat dyes, Reactive dyes, and Pigment dyes. Color is applied to fabric by different methods of dyeing for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process. Pretreatment is done for removing the natural impurities of textile raw material. This impurities include by products on cotton such as waxes, proteins etc. For knit fabric (polyester-cotton blend) scouring and bleaching are done as pretreatment. Scouring is the process in which the fabric is treated with alkali (NaOH) at room temperature or a suitable higher temperature and by this process oil, fat, wax & other natural & added impurities are removed .Absorbency of the fabric also increases a greater extent in this process. Natural coloring matters and remaining trace impurities are removed from the grey fabric by bleaching. So, the fabric gets a permanent white color which is very important for the following dyeing or printing process .Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is main agents for scouring. After scouring process the excess NaOH which is given up by mixing with water of pond, river, canal. As a result pH of water increase which causes lack of oxygen in water which result in death of living organism of water. It also decreases the fertility of cultivated land .In bleaching process mainly sodium hydrochloride or hydrogen peroxide is used. These chemicals are harmful for health. The water with these chemicals is restricted to give up without any treatment. So effluent treatment is done before giving up this water. This treatment adds labor cost, electricity cost which ultimately affects total production cost. Beside this extra cost is added for pretreatment.

1.2 AIM

Dyeing of CVC fabric without pretreatment for reducing harmful effect due to use of excess chemicals, minimizing process cost and others.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

  • To save chemicals
  • To improve physical properties of CVC fabric
  • To reduce dyeing processing steps
  • To denote minimum shade percentage
  • To reduce processing cost
  • To reduce usage of water
  • To produce eco friendly dyeing process

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
One researcher carries on his research about dyeing of P/C blend fabric and takes it as challenge to the modern textile industries due to its variation in color value, shade depth, tensile strength & surface residual weight loss. The researcher measures his research result on the basis of test of color fastness, determination of weight loss, abrasion resistance, SEM Topography, FTIR analysis, Thermal analysis, X-Ray diffraction studies, dyeing behavior of fabric, weight loss and abrasion resistance measurement, Tearing strength measurement etc. The water fastness or wash fastness and light fastness can be improved by the proper analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium of dye fiber bond and its stoichiometry. A group of investigators make their research on dyeing of polyester/cotton fabric using disperse/reactive dye stuffs in one bath method of dyeing processes. In order to improve the adhesion of chitin to the surface of P/C fibers, Pretreatment in NaOH solution was performed. The data obtained shows that it is possible to dye P/C fabrics finished by chitin with only one disperse/reactive dyestuff. The dyed sample showed good rubbing and washing color fastness properties within the range of color change. The color strength of dyed samples increased with the increased deposition of chitin on the fabric. A research also goes on dyeing of P/C blend fabric which is suitable for one bath or two bath methods. Two bath methods are suitable. Two bath dyeing method are really long and complicated. One bath two step procedure is shorter as compared to two bath method but drawbacks are lower dye ability and poor reproducibility. A clan of research examines the process of dyeing polyester/cotton fabric with a highly effective fiber reactive and a disperse dyestuffs. Enamely (E)-4 hydroxy-5-((4-((2-sulphonyl) amino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino)-3-((2-sulphonyl)diazenyl) nepthalene-2,7-disulphonic acid and (E)-5-((4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) pyridine-2(1H)-1. Dyed textiles there were characterized by good dry rubbing and washing fastness but medium wet-rubbing fastness properties.

2.2 CVC KNIT FABRIC
CVC fabric is a result of polyester and cotton blending in the certain proportion. Interwoven CVC fabrics are characterized by enlarged percentage of cotton yarn that provides better hygienic properties in comparison with TC fabrics and better strength characteristics in comparison with 100% cotton fabrics. Also they guarantee low shrinkage, high color-fastness and perfect durability. Most types of CVC fabrics have the same constructions as T/C fabrics and differ from them by enlarged percentage of cotton only. CVC fabrics are perfect for producing medical and chef clothes, shirts. All CVC fabrics are suitable for work wear, uniforms and corporate clothes for all kind of industries. CVC fabrics have a good hygienic properties, they are very comfortable to wear and durable due to combination of polyester and cotton fibers. Knit fabrics are fabrics made from interlocking loops of thread, which is in contrast to the lengthwise and crosswise weaving of threads found in woven fabrics. The result is a fabric that has varying degrees of stretch-ability, from slight to extreme elasticity. Knit fabrics are popular due to their ability to drape well on any body type, their comfort and their versatility. Along with degrees of stretch, knit fabrics can be made of different fibers and come in a variety of weights. Knit fabrics are different from woven fabrics in that the strands of yarn are looped together as opposed to being straight. Knitted fabrics have been made for hundreds of years. The traditional method involves taking wool yarn and looping it around two needles. In modern times this same fabric can be produced much quicker by machines that can also knit many different types of material, such as cotton, silk and polyester.

CVC fabric
Fig: CVC fabric

2.3 DISPERSE DYE
Disperse dyes are non-ionic. They dye all the synthetic and cellulose acetate fibers by using a direct dyeing technique. Only dyeing temperature varies from one fiber to another. Thus they are one of the major classes of dyestuff. The development of disperse dyes for dyeing secondary cellulose acetate fibers in the early 1920’s was a major technological breakthrough. Their major use today is for the coloration of polyesters, the most important group of synthetic fibers. Disperse dyes are relatively insoluble in water at room temperature & have only limited solubility at high temperatures. They possess substantively for hydrophobic fibers such as nylon and polyester, in which they are quite soluble. These dyes are present in the dye bath as a fine aqueous suspension in the presence of a dispersing agent. The water dissolves a small amount of the dye in monomolecular form. The hydrophobic fibers then absorb the dye from the solution because these dyes are non ionic organic compounds of relatively low molecular weight. Many sublime on heating and dyeing by absorption of dye vapor is also possible. Disperse dyes have slight water solubility because of the presence of polar substituent’s in their molecular structures.

Dispersed dye
Fig: Dispersed dye

2.4 REACTIVE DYE
Reactive dyes are the youngest and most important dye class for cellulosic material. Worldwide consumption of reactive dyes for cellulosic materials in mid 1980’s was about 10 to 12 %, whereas in Japan alone it represents about 40% of total dye consumption. The reactive dyes offer a wide range of dyes with varying shades, fastness and costs with high brilliancy, easy applicability and reproducibility. However, good preparation of the material is a prerequisite. The color yield and brilliancy of shades are enhanced significantly by mercerization. The dyes are unstable to hypochlorite. Hence, bleaching with hypochlorites may create problem during subsequent dyeing with reactive dyes. Reactive dyes comprise a chromospheres and a reactive group. They differ fundamentally from other dye classes in the fact they chemically react with the textile fiber forming covalent bonds. The conventional dyes on the other hand, owe their weight fastness because of physical association, non specific chemical bonding (e.g. Hydrogen bond) or insolubilisation inside the fiber. There is no clear border line between physical and chemical interactions between molecules. Vander wale’s forces and hydrophobic bonding usually considered physical processes, whereas hydrogen bonding and columbic attraction of ions can be considered as physical or chemical phenomena. On the other hand, the formation of co-valent bond is definitely a chemical process.

Reactive dye
Fig: Reactive dye.

2.5 BASIC MECHANISM OF CVC FABRIC DYEING

2.5.1 MECHANISM OF DYEING BY DISPERSED DYE
The dyeing of hydrophobic fibers like polyester fibers with disperse dyes may be considered as a process of dye transfer from liquid solvent (water) to a solid organic solvent (fiber). Disperse dyes are added to water with a surface active agent to form an aqueous dispersion. The insolubility of disperse dyes enables them to leave the dye liquor as they are more substantive to the organic fiber than to the inorganic dye liquor. The application of heat to the dye liquor increases the energy of dye molecules and accelerates the dyeing of textile fibers. Heating of dye liquor swells the fiber to some extent and assists the dye to penetrate the fiber polymer system. Thus the dye molecule takes its place in the amorphous regions of the fiber. Once taking place within the fiber polymer system, the dye molecules are held by hydrogen bonds and Vander Waals’ force.

2.5.2 MECHANISM OF DYEING BY REACTIVE DYE
The cellulose anion is a nucleophile which can take part in the substitution and addition reactions. Nitrogen containing heterocyclic rings of dye molecule bearing halogen- substituent’s (-Cl,-F etc.) undergo neucleophilic substitution. Heteroatom’s (Nitrogen etc.) in aryl ring activate the system for neucleophilic attack because of their electro negativity or Carbon-Carbon double bond is polarized by the powerfully electron attacking sulphone group. This polarization confers a positive character on the terminal carbon atom, favoring neucleophilic addition of cellulose ion.

Neucleophilic substitution reaction.
Fig: Neucleophilic substitution reaction.

CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 RAW MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENTS USED

3.1.1 RAW MATERIALS
Fabric Specification:

  • Types of Fabric : Knit(plain)
  • GSM : 153
  • CPCm, WPCm, Weave design

3.1.2 CHEMICAL EQUIPMENTS

Table 3.1 Chemical specification

ChemicalCommercial NameCompany/Supplier/Country
Wetting agentT.R oilBangladesh
Sequestering AgentEDTABangladesh
Sodium HydroxideCaustic SodaBangladesh
Hydrogen PeroxideBleaching agentBangladesh
StabilizerPotassium stearateBangladesh
Reactive DyeBangladesh
SaltSodium ChlorideBangladesh
SodaSodium CarbonateBangladesh
Disperse DyeBangladesh
Dispersing AgentBangladesh
CarrierBangladesh

3.1.3 MACHINE EQUIPMENTS

Table 3.2 Machine Specification

Machine NameModelManufacturing nameOrigin
PRECISA BalanceBJ1000CPrecisa Grabimetrics AGSwitzerland
Oven dryerHX-30ParsonsEngland
Sample dyeing machineGood brandJeffreys RochdaleEngland
Compactor Dryer MachineCopower technologyTaiwan
Wash Fastness Tester( Rota Wash)SDLM228BSDL. Textile Machine Manufacturing Co.England
Color matching cabinetCAC-60VerivideEngland
Spectrophotometer650Data ColorUSA
Rubbing Fastness TesterSALO BSMESDANITALY

3.2 OPERATION SEQUENCE

Operation process
Fig: Operation process

3.2.1 PRETREATMENT
For this project, the required amount of knit fabric is collected from store. Total fabric are scoured and bleached at the same bath in sample winch dyeing machine. The combine recipe for scouring and bleaching are following:

Recipe:

  • NaOH : 5 gm/L
  • Hydrogen Peroxide : 5 gm/L
  • Stabilizer : 2 gm/L
  • Wetting Agent : 1 gm/L
  • Sequestering Agent : 1.5 gm/L
  • Temperature : 100
  • Time : 30 min
  • M: L : 1:10

The bath is set at room temperature. In the bath 2000ml (for 200gm fabric) water is taken. Then wetting agent, sequestering agent, caustic soda, Hydrogen peroxide, stablizer are added. Then the sample fabric is loaded and the process is run for 30 minute. After raising the temperature to 100°c, Then the sample fabric is unloaded and washed with 1g/L acetic acid solution for 1-2 minute.Then sample fabric is washed by normal cold water. Finally the sample is dried.

Graphical representation of pretreatment
Fig: Graphical representation of pretreatment

3.2.2 DYEING

Recipe (Polyester Fabric):

  • Disperse dye :4%
  • Dispersing agent :2gm/L
  • Carrier :3gm/L
  • Sequestering agent :1gm/L
  • Wetting agent :1gm/L
  • Time :40 minute
  • Temp :100°c
  • pH :4-5
  • M:L :1:10

Recipe (Reduction Cleaning):

  • Hydrose :4gm/L
  • NaOH :4gm/L
  • Sequestering agent :1gm/L
  • Wetting agent :1gm/L
  • Time :30 minute
  • Temp :90°c
  • M:L :1:10

Recipe (Cotton Fabric):

  • Reactive Dye :4%
  • Salt :4gm/L
  • Soda :16gm/L
  • Sequestering agent :1gm/L
  • Wetting agent :1gm/L
  • Time :40 minute
  • Temp :60°c
  • pH :10-11
  • M:L :1:10

The dyeing process is done on sample dyeing machine (Rota dyer). At first in a beaker stock solution is prepared for every chemical and disperses dye in according to the recipe. Then total liquor is prepared as per recipe. After that liquor is taken in the tube of Rota dyer machine. Then pretreatment and without-pretreatment fabrics are loaded and the tube set on Rota dyer machine. Then the process is run for 40 minute after raising the temperature 100°C. Finally the fabrics are unloaded and washed with cold water, then hot water and cold water. After that in beaker, stock solution is prepared by every chemical for reduction cleaning. Then total liquor is prepared as per recipe. After that liquor is taken in the tube of Rota dyer machine. Then the fabrics are dyed by disperse dye are loaded and the tube are set on Rota dyer machine. Then the process is run for 30 minute after raising the temperature 90°C. Finally the fabrics are unloaded and washed with cold water. At last in beaker stock solution is prepared for every chemical and reactive dye in according to the recipe. Then total liquor is prepared as per recipe. After that liquor is taken in the tube of Rota dyer machine. The fabrics are loaded and the tube is set on Rota dyer machine. Then the process is run for 40 minute after raising the temperature 60°C. Finally the fabrics are unloaded and washed with cold water, then hot water and cold water. After that the pretreatment and without-pretreatment fabrics are dried.

Graphical representation of dyeing
Fig: Graphical representation of dyeing

3.3 TEST METHOD

3.3.1 STRENGTH TEST (BALL BURSTION)
This test is done by coated fabric. Not for ordinary knitted fabrics. In the test a 25 mm diameter steel ball is passed through the stretched fabric can the force is required do so the recorded. This test cannot be carried using an attachment on a standard tensile tester. The result from this test is not directly comparable with the result of diaphragm bursting test. This test measures force only not the force per unit area.

Ball Bursting
Fig: Ball Bursting

3.3.2 FASTNESS MEASUREMENT

3.3.2.1 RUBBING FASTNESS OF DYEING
A specimen of size 14 cm × 5 cm is cut. The test specimen is locked onto the base of crock meter. A white cotton fabric of size 5 cm × 5 cm is set to the finger of the crock meter using the spinal clip. The covered finger is lowered on the test sample. Hand crank is turned 10 times at the rate of 1 turn/sec. The white rubbing test cloth is removed and evaluated with the grey scale.

Rubbing fastness tester
Fig: Rubbing fastness tester

3.3.2.2 WASH FASTNESS OF DYEING SAMPLE
In accordance to ISO105C03 a specimen of size 10×4 cm is cut. A multi-fiber of same size is also cut. The test specimen and multi-fiber are aligned and sewn together to form a composite specimen.

After treating the samples are rinsed in cold distilled water twice and then for 10 minutes in cold running tap water. Then the samples are squeezed and the stitching is removed from three sides leaving one short side 4 cm sewed. Then it is dried at maximum 60⁰C temperature. Now the change in color of uncovered portion is assessed with staining and color change grey scale.

Rota wash machine
Fig: Rota wash machine

3.3.2.3 COLOR FASTNESS TO PERSPIRATION
In accordance to ISO 105 EO2 a specimen of size 10×4 cm is cut. A multi-fiber of same size is also cut. The test specimen and multi-fiber are aligned and sewn together to form a composite specimen.

The composite test sample was wetted out in solution at room temperature. The material ratio was 1:50 and left for 30 minutes excess solution was poured of and placed between two glass plates under a pressure of 4.5 kg and placed in an oven for 4 hour at 37±2º C temperature. The specimen was removed and dried in warm air not exceeding 600C. Then evaluation was done by grey scale.

Perspiremeter of perspiration fastness test
Fig: Perspire-meter of perspiration fastness test

3.3.3 CALCULATING VALUE OF CMC
CMC: Color matching of computer.CMC value indicates shade matching. ∆L*(Darker Lighter): ∆L* indicates darkness or lightness of the shade. If ∆L* value is positive (+) then the shade is lighter. If ∆L* value is negative then the shade is darker.

∆a*: ∆a* value indicates radish of the shade. If the ∆a* value is positive (+) then the shade is more red. If the ∆a* value is negative then the shade is less red. ∆b*: ∆b* value indicates yellowness of the shade. If ∆b* value is positive (+) then the shade is more yellow. If the ∆b* value is negative then the shade is less yellow.

Spectrophotometer
Fig: Spectrophotometer

3.3.4 EQUATION FOR CALCULATING K/S VALUE
The basic information required for the color match prediction is the relationship between reflectance of the dyed material and concentration of the dyestuffs. For textile dyed materials the light scattered by a single particle is re-scattered by many other particles before emerging from turbid media. This is called multiple or dependent scattering, which is very complex to explain. The medium is characterized by optical parameters k and s which are commonly known as K-M absorption and scattering co-efficient respectively. Memory is synchronized with the position of the beam on the specimen in the microscope, and the resulting image is therefore a distribution map of the intensity of the signal being emitted from the scanned area of the specimen. In older microscopes image may be captured by photography from a high-resolution cathode ray tube, but in modern machines image is saved to computer data storage.

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 EVALUATION OF STRENGTH TEST

Table 4.1 Strength test

SampleSample conditionStrength

(N)

ShadeColor
Original

 

481.80
1%BlueWithout pretreated420.70
1%Bluepretreated410.90
1%YellowWithout pretreated450.30
1%Yellowpretreated374.60
1%CombinedWithout pretreated485.90
1%Combinedpretreated364.10
2%YellowWithout pretreated425.70
2%Yellowpretreated370.40
2%BlueWithout pretreated395.70
2%Bluepretreated314.20
2%CombinedWithout pretreated484.40
2%Combinedpretreated354.80
3%BlueWithout pretreated431.40
3%Bluepretreated395.90
3%YellowWithout pretreated459.80
3%Yellowpretreated277.96
4%BlueWithout pretreated450.70
4%Bluepretreated328.70
4%YellowWithout pretreated449.80
4%Yellowpretreated284.89

Strength test

From the above graphical representation it shows that the strength of without pretreated fabric is greater than the treated one. The reason behind this may be in the without pretreated fabric less oxy-cellulose generated than the pretreated one. As a result strength loses occurred more for the pretreated sample than without pretreated one.

4.2 EVALUATION OF COLOR FASTNESS TO RUBBING

Table 4.2 Evaluation of color fastness to Rubbing

Fabric conditionDryWet
Without pretreated54/5
Pretreated54/5

Evaluation of color fastness to Rubbing

From the above table, it is seen that color fastness to rubbing are almost same for pretreated & without pretreated sample.

4.3 EVALUATION OF COLOR FASTNESS TO WASH

Table 4.3 Evaluation of color fastness to wash

Fabric conditionColor change                         Color staining
woolacetatecottonnylonpolyesteracrylic
without pretreated4.54.533.43.44.54.5
pretreated4.54.533.43.44.54.5

From the above table it is clear that color fastness to wash are almost same for pretreated & without pretreated sample.

4.4 EVALUATION OF COLOR FASTNESS TO PERSPIRATION

Table 4.4 Evaluation of color fastness to perspiration

Fabric conditionColor change                         Color staining
woolacetatecottonnylonpolyesteracrylic
without pretreated4.54.54.53.444.54.5
pretreated4.54.54.53.444.54.5

From the above table it is clear that color fastness to perspiration are almost same for pretreated & without pretreated sample.

4.5 VALUE OF LCH

Table 4.5 Value of LCH

SampleSample conditionLCH
ShadeColor
1%BluePretreated52.27026.947266.683
1%BlueWithout pretreated49.06227.520266.415
1%YellowPretreated86.75422.70788.264
1%YellowWithout pretreated85.06026.93286.809
1%CombinedPretreated50.27918.799268.216
1%CombinedWithout pretreated48.82020.447264.583
2%YellowPretreated88.25634.69894.686
2%YellowWithout pretreated84.98340.19692.694
2%BluePretreated44.19730.154268.143
2%BlueWithout pretreated40.90130.059269.047
2%CombinedPretreated50.28618.293244.988
2%CombinedWithout pretreated49.35317.152240.008
3%BluePretreated41.73729.636268.742
3%BlueWithout pretreated40.87628.799268.307
3%YellowPretreated85.12130.78692.160
3%YellowWithout pretreated83.41932.02984.553
4%BluePretreated38.13629.216270.157
4%BlueWithout pretreated35.90029.680272.559
4%YellowPretreated83.90933.63188.680
4%YellowWithout pretreated84.01137.41989.222

From the above table it is seen that value of L is lower for the without pretreated sample than the pretreated sample, it indicates the without pretreated sample may contain more color than the pretreated sample. Here for 4% Blue sample, value of L for pretreated sample is 38.136 & for without pretreated sample is 35.900. It is because the without pretreated one may contain more color than the pretreated sample.

4.6 VALUE OF Δa, Δb & CMC

Table 4.6 Value of Δa, Δb & CMC

SampleSample condition ΔaΔbCMC
ShadeColor
1%BluePretreated-0.16-0.571.48
1%BlueWithout pretreated
1%YellowPretreated0.814.202.56
1%YellowWithout pretreated
1%CombinedPretreated-1.34-1.571.77
1%CombinedWithout pretreated
2%YellowPretreated0.925.622.98
2%YellowWithout pretreated
2%BluePretreated0.480.071.68
2%BlueWithout pretreated
2%CombinedPretreated-0.831.731.65
2%CombinedWithout pretreated
3%BluePretreated-0.200.840.63
3%BlueWithout pretreated
3%YellowPretreated4.201.123.50
3%YellowWithout pretreated
4%BluePretreated1.26-0.431.61
4%BlueWithout pretreated
4%YellowPretreated-0.26
4%YellowWithout pretreated 3.801.80

VALUE OF Δa, Δb & CMC

If the CMC value is less than one, the result is very good. And the above one the result is also very good. From the above representation the results are closer to one. So the untreated fabric color is better than the treated fabric.

4.7 VALUE OF K/S

VALUE OF Ks

From the above graphical representation, it is clear that the without pretreated sample value of K/S is higher than the pretreated sample. Its reason may be the color deepness of the without pretreated sample is more than the treated sample. The without pretreated one may contain more color.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION
It has been found that it is more cost effective way to dye fabric without pretreatment. The strength loss of fabric occurred less for without pretreated fabric than the pretreated one. For 2% Blue Pretreated fabric the strength becomes 314.20N, where for without pretreated sample the strength becomes 395.70N. It is clearly shows that less strength loss of dyed sample when it is not pretreated, which may be because of less formation of oxycellulose. It is one of the most important findings of this thesis. Another important factor of this thesis is the higher K/S value of the without pretreated fabric than pretreated sample. For 1% yellow sample K/S value of without pretreated sample is 0.53 & for pretreated sample it is 0.38. It clearly indicates that the without pretreated dyed sample may contain more color than the pretreated dyed sample (for same shade %). As a result waste of dye can be minimized by approaching this technique. Though the color fastness (to wash /rubbing/perspiration) are same for both kind of sample, it can be practiced largely in the industries for reducing cost of dyeing as well as time and energy.

5.2 LIMITATIONS
For this thesis only CVC knit fabric is used, thus result for other types of fabric still uninvestigated. The time is too short to use different types of fabric. Again in some cases result is unexpected due to power interruption, lack of soft water, inability of equipments.

5.3 FUTURE WORK
In this thesis only CVC fabric is used. It can be more informative if other types of fabric such as nylon, polyester, wool, and acrylic would be used. It can be applied on woven fabric also. The fastness properties of untreated fabric may be improved by using proper amount of dye. The result would be better if there is no power interruption, no lack of soft water, unavailability of equipment etc.

REFERENCES

  1. Corben BP, Potter MD, Textiles, Fiber to Fabric, Gray Division/MC, 1985.
  2. D. Broadbent, Basic Principle of Textile Coloration. 2001, England: Society of Dyers and Colourists.
  3. F. Hossain, Practice of Textile Coloration. Vol. 1. 2007, Dhaka: Book Fair Publications.
  4. E. Both, Principle of Textile Teasting 1968, England: Butterworths.
  5. S. Chinta and S. Dhar, Problems in Dyeing and Their Remedies, Research Gate, 2007.
  6. FEILMANN, Some Unsolved Dyeing Problems, Journal

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