Implementation of Effluent Treatment Plants for Wastewater and Effect of Untreated on Environment
Rois U. Mahmud
Department of Textile Engineering
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
Email: roisuddinhridoy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The work is aimed on the implementation process of textile industries effluents & the present pollution scenario in Bangladesh due to textile effluent and the consequent solution of the problem by installation of effluent treatment plant (ETP). Despite of having ETP equipment almost all industries in Bangladesh most of them don’t implement the system because of huge expenses. On other hand the increasing industrialization is contributing severe pollution to the environment by the toxic waste discharge. The liquid effluents from industries are causing a major havoc to the environment, ecology, agriculture, aquaculture and public health since the development of textile industries in the country. It had become a prerequisite to set up ETP in each industrial establishment, particularly at dyeing industries that were discharging huge amount of liquid waste to the rivers every day. But, for the successful implementation of ETPs, industry owners will have to be socially responsible and at the same time, government should provide the factory owners with logistic supports and relaxed time frame to set up ETPs.
Keywords: Implementation process, Industrial Effluents; Water Quality; BOD; COD; TSS.
Introduction
Industrialization is an inevitable feature of economic intensification in a developing country. In the way of employment-intensive industrialization, textile industries are playing an utmost important role offering tremendous opportunities for the economy of Bangladesh. With the industrial development in Bangladesh, the waste management systems did not develop accordingly. Despite of having ETP equipment almost all industries are seen to discharge their wastes into water and on land without any treatment or after partial treatment. Of the environmental elements, water is the most affected as the big industries are usually situated on the river banks and due to continuous receiving of the effluents the toxicity of these river water increases day by day. The environmental pollution created by the industries has now become a burning issue of the nation (Bhuiyan, M.A.H. et. al., 2011) (Islam and Jolly, 2007) (Jolly and Islam, 2006). The major polluting industries like textile and dyeing, paints, tanneries, oil refineries, chemical complexes, fish processing units, fertilizer factories, cement factories, soap and detergent factories including light industrial units of Bangladesh discharge directly untreated toxic effluents in the rivers (Jolly, Ph. D. thesis, 2011). The textile dyeing wastes contain unused or partially used organic compounds, and high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
It is a positive sign that many industries are also making progress in establishing and operating their own ETPs to comply with national and international requirements, and also because of increased personal awareness of the negative impacts of industrial effluent.
Objectives
To find out the implementation process of Effluent Treatment Plants of textile industries
To find out the used chemicals data in ETP
To find out the capacity of effluent treatment
To find out the effect of untreated water on environment
Literature Review
For making a Research paper on the implementation process of ETP & effect of untreated water on environment under our Lecturer Mr. Rakib we made a visit at Niagara Textile LTD in Chandra, Gazipur. After went there one disappointing matter we faced that the authority didn’t give us any permission to take photo of ETP processes & units. We don’t know why they did that may be for their security purpose. Then we went to ETP plant & the instructor of ETP told us their ETP is a physico-chemical ETP plant.
With physico-chemical treatments generally used in Bangladesh (coagulation and flocculation) it is possible to remove much, possibly all of the color depending on the process used. It is however difficult to reduce BOD and COD to the value needed to meet the national effluent discharge standard, and impossible to remove TDS. The removal rate is dependent on the influent wastewater quality. The removal efficiency of this type of treatment has been found to be 50% and 70% for BOD and COD respectively. After that we knew about the process flow chart of the ETP and that is respectively screening, equalization tank, Sedimentation and Filtration, Chemical Unit Processes, PH controller, Aeration Tank, Coagulation and Flocculation, Secondary Clarifier & sludge collection Tank & Discharge Treated Water. We also know about the all chemicals are used to treat the waste water in Niagara. These are Fe (SO4), Ca (CO3), HCL & electro-polymer. We also collect the capacity of ETP. They treat about 120m3 water per hour, that mean they treat about 2880m3 water per day. At the final stage we saw the discharge & sludge tank and we collect the Data of discharge quality. After collecting the Data and monitoring the discharge water color & odor we have reached a decision on that the quality of discharge of Niagara is not so good. May be their wastewater treatment is just like an Eye wash. And they give up the discharge into the local cannel. That’s why their low-quality treated water may harm the cannel’s water. So that the authority should maintain the plant very carefully to treat the water purely.
We also know about another important matter that whole water source of Niagara is underground water. This is a really big matter of concern for our environmental balance of underground water. And another matter is, Niagara authority do not use the used water by recycling. So that day by day we may be losing our underground water level. So, we recommend here to the authority to use the treated water by recycling. So that our water level may not go down day by day.
Methodology
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, an intensive field survey was conducted in Niagara textile industry in chandra, Gazipur. At starting point of our visit, we first saw the dyeing process of the industry. Here we saw their conventional & modern dyeing machines used to dye the fabric. We informed here as for conventional machine they use 150L water per Kg fabric for dyeing & for modern machine they use 60to75L water per Kg fabric. And we also know about the capacity of their effluent treatment plant. Then we went to see the ETP and here we talk with the ETP instructor. He told us about their systems and processes of effluent treatment. He also told us about the chemicals they use for treating effluent. After that we went to see the whole process of ETP by our eye. At the end of the site we have examined the final water sample produce through ETP system(color) & how they manage that water and sludge. From the whole visit we collect the standard implementation process of ETP, Data of chemical they used, their management, standard rate of their final treated water& also find out how useful that water is for the environment etc.
Pollution Scenario Due to Textile Effluent
In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located at waterside. A complex mixture of hazardous chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies from all these industries, usually without treatment. Thus, industrial units drain effluents directly into the rivers without any consideration of the environmental degradation.
Textile and dyeing industries produce wastewater, or effluent, as a bi-product of their products, which contains several pollutants originated from sizing, bleaching, mercerizing, fancy dyeing, screen printing, yarn dyeing and finishing. Chemicals used in these industries include acrylonitrile, chlorinated phenols, salicylanilide, organic mercurial compounds, and copper ammonium carbonate (3). Organic components degrade water quality during decomposition by depleting dissolved oxygen. The non- biodegradable organic components persist in the water system for a long time and pass into the food chain. In-organic pollutants are mostly metallic salts, and basic and acidic compounds. These inorganic components undergo different chemical and biochemical interactions in the river system, and deteriorate water quality.
In knit dyeing, the local textile dyeing industries higher amount of wastewater which varies from 150 – 330 liter per Kg of fabric, whereas the recommended amount of wastewater that can be discharged from composite textile dyeing industries is 100 liter per Kg fabric as per Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 [4]. Disposal of these large amounts of wastewater with highly toxic compounds to water body and irrigable land is extensively threatening to the ecosystem and aquatic life and it also enters in our food chains. These lead to diminish the fisheries and agricultural economy day by day. The pollution leads to yield of poor quality of fish with the smell of chemicals. In general, pH of the effluent is found to above 11, which become lethal to all species of fish.
Again, the textile industries dispose large quantities of sulphates in their wastewater; this can be converted in the environment to hydrogen sulfide, a very poisonous gas. In addition, there is a large body of evidence that shows that residual textile dyes which go along with the waste-water can act as respiratory sensitizers and can lead to coughs, respiratory tract irritation ad asthma [4].
It is to be noted that, textile effluent comprises of large quantity of salt along with wastewater as dissolved solid. This salinity of the effluent is not removed by the conventional treatment of the effluent. So, with or without treatment, this wastewater disposed to the water system leads to increasing the salinity of water severely.
Thus, this indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent to river deteriorates river water quality to unacceptable level and heavily impacts on water supply, human health, fisheries and agriculture. Recently, Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has conducted a study on survey of environmental pollution from industries in greater Dhaka, with the assistance of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Under the project, six clusters (Savar, Konabari, Tejgaon, Tongi, Hazaribagh and Narayangonj) are classified to undertake sampling and analysis the data to characterize wastewater.
Fig: Waste water from dyeing mill
Findings of the Study
Implementation
Effluent treatment methods:
At first, we work with the method of effluent treatment method. Methods of effluent treatment may be classified into three main categories: physical, chemical and biological, as listed in Table [1]. Primary stages of treatment are mainly physical and include screening, sedimentation, flotation and flocculation to remove fibrous debris, undissolved chemicals and particulate matter. Primary treatment does not significantly remove color. Secondary stages are designed to eliminate the organic load and consist of a combination of physico-chemical separation and biological oxidation. Biological treatment does not remove sufficient color, COD and electrolytes to be satisfactory on its own but is often the least costly method of treatment. Physico-chemical separation depends on the forces of chemisorption to extract the colloidal organic compounds from the liquid phase. Tertiary stages of treatment have become more important but they make a major contribution to treatment costs. This stage is important for the removal of color and no one treatment will deal with the removal of all types of color.
Biological processes must be protected from shock loads of industrial pollutants, especially those containing toxic constituents. Preliminary stages include equalisation, neutralization and disinfection. Major reasons for poor results from settling tanks include significant fluctuations in flow, temperature and composition of waste liquors which cause convection currents and stratification in the tanks and interfere with normal sedimentation. Balancing of flow and composition together with cooling or heat recovery is necessary. Disinfection with chlorine may protect the micro-organisms in the biological stage from toxic contamination.
Table 1 – Methods of effluent treatment
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Sedimentation
Filtration
Flotation
Foam fractionation
Coagulation
Reverse osmosis
Solvent extraction
Ionising radiation
Adsorption
Incineration
Freezing
Distillation
Neutralisation (HCL)
Reduction
Oxidation
Catalysis
Ion exchange
Electrolysis (Polymer)
Stabilised ponds
Aerated lagoons
Trickling filters
Activated sludge
Anaerobic digestion
Fungal treatment
Our work site on which we work is a Physico-chemical Treatment Plant.
The basic units needed for a stand-alone physico-chemical treatment plant are screening, an equalization unit, a pH control unit, chemical storage tanks, a mixing unit, a flocculation unit, a settling unit and a sludge dewatering unit (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Typical Flow Diagram of a Physico-Chemical Treatment Plant in Bangladesh.
Fig: Flow Diagram of a Physico-chemical Treatment
Now we describe about the processes of our visited site plant by following site authorities flow chart:
1. Screening: Screening is a mechanical process that separates particles on the basis of size. There are several types, which have static, vibrating or rotating screens. Openings in the screening surfaces range in size depending on the nature of the waste. In the case of textile dyeing industries they should be small enough to catch pieces of cloth, which may damage process equipment, reduce the effectiveness of the ETP or contaminate waterways.
Fig: Screening
2. Equalization/Collecting Tank:
The many steps in the textile dyeing process (pre-treatment, dyeing and finishing) mean that wastewater quality and quantity varies considerably over time, however ETPs are usually designed to treat wastewater that has a more or less constant flow and a quality that only fluctuates within a narrow range. The equalization tank overcomes this by collecting and storing the waste, allowing it to mix and ensuring that it becomes less variable in composition before it is pumped to the treatment units at a constant rate. The purpose of equalization for industrial treatment facilities are therefore:
To minimize flow surges to physical-chemical treatment systems and permit chemical feed rates that are compatible with feeding equipment.
To help adequate pH control or to minimize the chemical requirements necessary for neutralization.
To provide continuous feed to biological systems over periods when the manufacturing plant is not operating.
To prevent high concentrations of toxic materials from entering the biological treatment plant.
Mixing usually ensures adequate equalization and prevents settle able solids from depositing in the tank. In addition, mixing and aeration may result in the oxidation of reduced compounds present in the waste-stream or the reduction of BOD.
Fig: Collecting Tank
3. Sedimentation and Filtration:
The flocs formed in flocculation (see chemical unit processes for a description of flocculation) are large enough to be removed by gravitational settling, also known as sedimentation. This is achieved in a tank referred to as the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier.
Fig: Sedimentation tank
Sedimentation is also used to remove grit and suspended solids, to produce clarified effluent, and to thicken the sludge produced in biological treatment. Flocculation and sedimentation should remove most of the suspended solids and a portion of the BOD.
4. Chemical Unit Processes:
Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be used with biological treatment processes, although it is possible to have a purely physico-chemical plant with no biological treatment. Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring about changes in its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemical precipitation and oxidation. Niagara authority use Fe (SO4), Calcium carbonate(lime), HCL, Electrolyte(polymer).
Fig: Chemical unit processes
5. pH Control:
Waste from textile industries is rarely pH neutral. Certain processes such as reactive dyeing require large quantities of alkali but pretreatments and some washes can be acidic. It is therefore necessary to adjust the pH in the treatment process to make the wastewater pH neutral. This is particularly important if biological treatment is being used, as the microorganisms used in biological treatment require a pH in the range of 6-8 and will be killed by highly acidic or alkali wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH) sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may be added among other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid may be added. Acids can cause corrosion of equipment and care must be taken in choosing which acid to use. Hydrocholoric acid is probably better from an environmental view point but can corrode stainless steel therefore plastic or appropriately coated pumps and pipes must be used.
Fig: pH Control
6. Aeration Tank:
Aeration is required in biological treatment processes to provide oxygen to the microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste. It may also be applied in the equalization tank to provide mixing and to reduce oxygen demand by oxidizing the compounds present in wastewater. Two main methods are used for this: either mechanical agitation of the water so that air from the atmosphere enters the water; or by introducing air into the tank through blowers (to supply air) and diffusers (to diffuse the air uniformly).
Fig: Aeration Tank
7. Coagulation and Flocculation:
Coagulation is used to remove waste materials in suspended or colloidal form. Colloids are particles over a size range of 0.1 – 1 nm (10-8 – 10-7 cm). These particles do not settle out on standing and cannot be removed by conventional physical treatment processes. In a small sample of wastewater there will be both settleable solids and dispersed solids. A significant portion of these non-settleable solids may be colloidal. Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges on its surface, causing it to repel neighboring particles, just as magnetic poles repel each other. Coagulation is destabilization of these colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep them apart so that they can agglomerate 2, 3 (come together). This is generally accomplished by adding chemical coagulants and mixing. Figure 2 illustrates how these chemicals reduce the electric charges on colloidal surfaces.
Figure-2
The term ‘flocculation’ may be taken to cover those processes whereby small particles or small groups of particles form large aggregates. Flocculation during wastewater treatment converts finely divided suspended solids into larger particles so that efficient, rapid settling can occur. The term is also used for the dramatic effect when polyelectrolytes are added and large stable flocs are formed very quickly (Figure 3).
Figure-3
8. Secondary Treatment/ Secondary Clearifier:
The objective of secondary or biological treatment of industrial wastewater is to remove, or reduce the concentration of, organic and inorganic compounds. Biological treatment processes can take many forms but all are based on microorganisms, mainly bacteria. These microorganisms use components of the effluent as their “food” and in doing so break them down to less complex and less hazardous compounds, thus decreasing the BOD and COD. In the process the microorganisms increase in number. The two most common forms of biological treatment are:
Activated sludge plants (ASPs)
Biofilm based systems (often these are trickling filter systems).
Activated sludge (AS) is an aerobic flocculent slurry of micro-organisms which remove organic matter from wastewater and are then removed themselves, usually by sedimentation. Activated sludge is best suited to the removal of soluble organic matter because insoluble organic matter can usually be removed more economically by physico-chemical means. Often, however, wastewaters will contain both soluble and insoluble organic matter.
AS leaves the reactor with the treated effluent but is settled out in a clarifier and returned to the aeration unit to recycle the bacteria. The amount of AS required for effective operation varies according to the design of the ASP and the concentration and nature of the effluent being treated. Suppliers of ASPs should be able to advise on the optimum amount of AS in the system. The ratio of the amount of effluent in terms of BOD and the amount of AS (known as the f/m ratio) is an important design and operating parameter and sometimes ASPs are operating so as to maintain a fixed f/m ratio. If there is more AS in the ASP than desired a portion is removed (this is called wasting) and disposed of.
In the ‘traditional’ trickling filter, the effluent is tricked over the surface of the slime-covered media and the space between the particles of media is occupied by air which passively diffuses through the filter (Figure 3). In the more recent design of the submerged fixed film reactor, the particles of media are submerged in the effluent and the air is blown into the reactor from below.
Both activated sludge and fixed film systems can produce high quality effluent but both have advantages and disadvantages. In the AS process the settling and recycling of AS to the aerobic reactor is vital, but the settling process can be difficult to accomplish. Fixed film systems do not require recycling of biomass and so do not present this problem. Surplus AS needs to be disposed of: this material must be disposed of appropriately so that the pollutants now present in this sludge do not enter the water cycle (see the briefing note “Management of Textile Dyeing Sludge” produced as part of this series for more information on this). The treated liquid is discharged to the environment or taken for further treatment depending on the desired standard of effluent quality or the required use of the wastewater.
9. Sludge collection Tank & Discharge Treated Water: Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g. septic tank) and off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. This is inherently so because a primary aim of wastewater treatment is removing solids from the wastewater. In addition, soluble organic substances are converted to bacterial cells, and the latter is removed from the wastewater. Sludge is also produced from the treatment of stormwater, although it is likely to be less organic in nature compared to wastewater sludge. In Niagara they collect the sludge in the sludge bad and they store it at least 3 to 4 months. After that they put that sludge in small packet and transfer that packet at another place where they had planted these in the ground.
Fig: Sludge collection Tank
On another hand they dis charge their final treated water into the local cannel. They don’t use the water by recycling. They told us for their lacking of modern technology of ETP they can’t use the water by recycling.
Results and Discussion:
For all industries use ETP should follow a National Standards – Waste Discharge Quality Standards for Industrial units & projects.
By law factories must monitor the quality of their wastewater and stay within national limits for pollution. The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 provide national standards for the quality of industrial wastewater being discharged into certain places including open water bodies, public sewers and irrigated land. They also provide specific discharge quality standards for key parameters from certain industries, including the textile dyeing industry.
HCL:
Function: Neutralize the waste water controlling the PH. It is auto dispensed in the neutralization tank.
Polyelectrolyte:
Function: Used for sedimentation / sludge coagulation and also killing bacteria.
De- colorant (caco3):
Function: Used for removing color. It is used auto / manually in the sedimentation feeding tank.
Ferrous sulphate:
Function: It is used to kill the harmful bacteria. It is used in the biological oxidation tank.
Capacity of effluent treatment in Niagara:
Our visited site industry’s effluent treatment capacity is – 120m3/hour
That mean their capacity per Day is – 2880m3/day
At our visiting time we also find out one important matter that the whole industry use *underground water* for their dyeing, finishing etc.! And they also don’t use that used water by recycling! They discharge the water into the cannel or River.
Recommendation
Here at first, we would like to give thanks to prof. Engg. Dr. Ayub Nabi Khan (pro-vice of BUFT) for managed the industry, Mr. Diamond sir for giving us the chance to visit Niagara& Mr. Zahir (Trainee) to help us by giving his valuable time. On the other hand, at our visiting time we knew that whole water source of Niagara is underground water. This is a really big matter of concern for our environmental balance of underground water. And another matter is, Niagara authority do not use the used water by recycling. So that day by day we may be losing our underground water level. So, we recommend here to the authority to use the treated water by recycling. So that our water level may not go down day by day. Other matter is we don’t think the ETP of Niagara is much modern for treating the effluent purely and also they may not treat the effluent of factory at standard way. Because we saw the final treated water color is not good as standard and discharge water have also much odor too. And authority discharge that water into local cannel or River. So that this low-quality treated water may harm the quality of the cannel or river’s water and also harm the Environment badly.
Conclusion:
The recent awareness on the ETP requirement should be directed in a constructive way. We realize that industrial effluent should be treated before drainage. Upon dis- cussed novel methods can be applied to remove different dye also hazardous materials from industrial effluents. The Government must come forward to facilitate Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) installation with technical guidance and also with financing. Consideration for Common ETP can be made by the Government, which will encourage small-scale industries to establish ETPs within their cost limitations. Government’s recent stringent role against industry owner may pressurize them to come up with compliance measure regarding ETP installation, but in the long run, a good result from the concept of ETP installation can only be ensured by proper monitoring and environmental audit by Government afterward. Neither industry and private sector nor public sector alone can be left responsible for realization on the intensity of the problem. Government and the private sector should come into with its full glory to solve the problem mutually, which aims at burning issue like environmental conservation.
REFERENCES:
Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment and Forests, The Environment Conversation Rules 1997, Schedule 10, Rule 13 (Un-official English Version)
Islam, A. and Jolly, Y.N. (2007): Heavy metals in water and fishes of the tannery affected vicinity of the river Buriganga, J. Bang., Aca, Sci., 31(2), 163-171.
Jolly, Y.N. and Islam, A. (2006): Heavy Metals in Water and Fishes of the River Shitalakkha, Nuclear Science and Application, 15(20:13-20.
Jolly, Y.Nb., Ph.D. thesis, (2011): Evaluation of industrial effluents for irrigation, Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 174-178
Bhuiyan, M.A.H.; Suravi, N.I.; Dampare, S.B.; Islam, M.A.; Qurashi, S.B.; Ganyaglo, S. and Suzuki, S. (2010): Investigation of the possible sources of heavy metal contamination in lagoon and canal water in tannery industrial area in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environ Monit Assess, 175, 633-649.
Web: www.bcas.net
Journal of Environmental Protection, 2013, 4, 301-308
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.43035 Published Online March 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep)
Guide for Assessment of Effluent Treatment Plants in EMP/EIA Reports for Textile Industries. Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Bangladesh.
Founder & Editor of Textile Learner. He is a Textile Consultant, Blogger & Entrepreneur. He is working as a textile consultant in several local and international companies. He is also a contributor of Wikipedia.
